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Living · 1973

Gravitation

by John Archibald Wheeler

Theoretical Physics / Information Foundations

Gravitation is a monumental treatise on general relativity by one of the twentieth century's most influential theoretical physicists. Beyond its technical exposition, its author's enduring contribution to foundational thought is the proposal, captured in the phrase "it from bit," that every physical entity derives its existence from binary answers to questions, so that information is in some sense fundamental.

The associated program advances a participatory universe in which observation plays a constitutive role and reality is information-theoretic at bottom. These ideas are offered as serious physics rather than mysticism, framing the deep structure of nature in terms of information.

The work stands as the mainstream-credible root of digital and informational physics, lending the authority of a major physicist to information-first views of nature. It seeds the framing later extended into computational and simulation cosmology, even though its author made no mystical or manifestation claims.

Lineage

What it drew on
Niels Bohrquantum mechanicsgeneral relativityinformation theory
What it shaped
digital physicsquantum-information sciencesimulation-theory discourseconsciousness-and-physics speculation

The author

John Archibald Wheeler John Archibald Wheeler'It from bit' — participatory universe Full voice →

Key terms

Kindred books